java variables

Java Variables

Variables are containers for storing data values.

In Java, there are different types of variables, for example:

String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are

surrounded by double quotes

int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123

float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99

char - stores single characters, such as

'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single quotes

boolean - stores values with two states:

true or false

Declaring (Creating) Variables

To create a variable, you must specify the type and assign it a value:

Syntax

type variable = value;

Where type is one of Java's types (such as int or String), and

variable is the name of the variable (such as x or

name). The equal sign is used to assign values to the variable.

To create a variable that should store text, look at the following example:

Example

Create a variable called name of type String and assign it the value "John":

String name = "John";

System.out.println(name);

Try it Yourself »

To create a variable that should store a number, look at the following example:

Example

Create a variable called myNum of type int and assign it the value 15:

int myNum = 15;

System.out.println(myNum);

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You can also declare a variable without assigning the value, and assign the value later:

Example

int myNum;

myNum = 15;

System.out.println(myNum);

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Note that if you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will overwrite the previous value:

Example

Change the value of myNum from 15 to 20:

int myNum = 15;

myNum = 20; // myNum is now 20

System.out.println(myNum);

Try it Yourself »

Final Variables

However, you can add the final keyword if you don't want others (or yourself) to overwrite existing values (this will declare the variable as "final" or "constant", which means unchangeable and read-only):

Example

final int myNum = 15;

myNum = 20; // will generate an error: cannot assign a value to a final variable

Try it Yourself »

Other Types

A demonstration of how to declare variables of other types:

Example

int myNum = 5;

float myFloatNum = 5.99f;

char myLetter = 'D';

boolean myBool = true;

String myText = "Hello";

You will learn more about data types in the next chapter.

Display Variables

The println() method is often used to display variables.

To combine both text and a variable, use the + character:

Example

String name = "John";

System.out.println("Hello " + name);

Try it Yourself »

You can also use the + character to add a variable to another variable:

Example

String firstName = "John ";

String lastName = "Doe";

String fullName = firstName + lastName;

System.out.println(fullName);

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For numeric values, the + character works as a mathematical operator (notice that we use int (integer) variables here):

Example

int x = 5;

int y = 6;

System.out.println(x + y); // Print the value of x + y

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From the example above, you can expect:

x stores the value 5

y stores the value 6

Then we use the println() method to display the value of x + y,

which is 11

Declare Many Variables

To declare more than one variable of the same type, use a comma-separated list:

Example

int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;

System.out.println(x + y + z);

Try it Yourself »

Java Identifiers

All Java variables must be

identified with unique names.

These unique names are called identifiers.

Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, sum, totalVolume).

Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to

create understandable and maintainable code:

Example

// Good

int minutesPerHour = 60;



// OK, but not so easy to understand what m actually is

int m = 60;

Try it Yourself »

The general rules for constructing names for variables (unique identifiers) are:

Names can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs

Names must begin with a letter

Names should start with a lowercase letter and it cannot contain whitespace

Names can also begin with $ and _ (but we will not use it in this tutorial)

Names are case sensitive ("myVar" and "myvar" are different variables)

Reserved words (like Java keywords, such as int or

boolean) cannot be used as names

Test Yourself With Exercises

Exercise:

Create a variable named carName and assign the value Volvo to it.

Start the Exercise